Energy Transition and Climate Change in Morocco: Analyzing National Policies and Strategies

Abstract

Morocco has adopted an ambitious vision for a sustainable energy transition, with the ultimate goal of achieving a 100% renewable energy mix by 2050. This strategy builds on over a decade of structured efforts, combining strong political commitments, innovative projects, and international partnerships. The Kingdom aims to reconcile economic development, environmental protection, and energy sovereignty by leveraging its exceptional natural potential, notably in solar and wind energy.

This analysis is based on a narrative review of national policies and strategies related to energy transition.

In the short and medium term, Morocco plans to increase the share of renewable energy to 52% of the electricity mix by 2030, relying on a threefold approach based on solar, wind, and hydroelectric power, while reducing energy consumption by 20% through efficiency measures in key sectors. The management of intermittency, a major challenge, is addressed through investments in advanced storage technologies such as green hydrogen and high-capacity batteries, supported by public-private partnerships and incentive mechanisms.

In the longer term, carbon neutrality is the cornerstone of the energy policy, with the complete replacement of fossil fuels by renewables, including emerging sources such as marine energy and biomass. Morocco also aims to become a major exporter of clean energy, particularly to Europe, through connectivity infrastructure and strategic alliances.

On the socio-economic front, this energy transition acts as a growth driver, creating jobs in construction, maintenance, and research sectors, while stimulating innovation through academic and industrial collaborations. The territorialization of objectives is also a priority, as illustrated by the Tanger-Tétouan-Al Hoceima region, a pioneer in developing a “Net Zero 2050?? roadmap that integrates local specificities and mobilizes regional stakeholders.

However, the path is fraught with structural and financial obstacles. The democratization of access to renewable energy, especially self-production, is hindered by complex regulations, administrative barriers, and a lack of inclusion for rural and marginalized areas. Delays in implementing institutional reforms, the need for an independent regulator, and restructuring of the energy sector remain critical challenges to overcome.

JEL Classification: Q20 ; Q40, Q42

Paper type: Theoretical Research